Britton Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Britton - Essay Example Then again, created nations are characterized as ‘technologically and biologically progressed, appreciate moderately exclusive expectations of living and have current social and political establishments and structures’ (Huybers, 2007, p. 28). Britton communicates his own view on immature nations by citing ‘third word nations are believed to experience the ill effects of a progression of regular basic contortions in their financial and social association. Britton makes stresses that underdeveloped nations are portrayed by types of ward advancement. Britton claims that reliance is conceptualized as the procedure of verifiable molding that changes the interior working of social and financial sub-framework inside an immature nation. He further blueprints that outside gatherings have an inheritance of political, ideological and monetary change in the underdeveloped nations (Britton, 1982, p. 333). He explains that reliance involves the subjection of the national financi al freedom, which needs to meet the prerequisites of outside people and high society as a substitute of political needs. As indicated by his investigation, Britton accepts that auxiliary changes incorporate absence of essential framework like air space, streets and legitimate information on the travel industry are the fundamental driver of the underdevelopment. Telfer and Sharpley likewise credits this underdevelopment to sexual orientation issues like absence of human wellbeing, rights and security (Sharpley and Telfer, 2008, p.4). Britton through his diary draws the way that expansionism is a significant key in how much advancement happens in a specific nation. Colonization is characterized as the intrusion and control of different people’s assets and land. During colonization, the first populace is kicked out of enormous plots of land and pilgrims from another nation possessing their territory (Mowforth and Munt, 2003, p. 73). Britton likewise contends that, pioneer and su preme control has generally added to the defeat of many immature nations particularly during the post-provincial period. Many post-colonized nations have close binds with the administration of the nations that colonized them. In any case, as indicated by Britton, this advantages the immature nations and offers them an opportunity to prosper because of these advantages since individuals from the decision class bear the force required in managing the outside government agents and authorities of the business itself. As per Britton, many immature countries use the travel industry in creating remote trade just as expanding work openings that pull being developed capital. In this way, these immature nations chiefly target sightseers from these created nations since they are viewed as higher esteemed as far as the travel industry (Kunkel, 2008, p. 37). All together for the immature countries, to build up a solid vacationer economy they must be depend on the created countries since capital from remote the travel industry is fundamental and helpful to any creating country. Along these lines, post-provincial nations consistently look for abroad interests so as to help them in creating the travel industry plans. Because of this, many immature countries have created business attaches with created nations that are their significant visitors since they to a great extent help them in raising income (Lea, 1988, p. 27). Also, Briton expresses the way that underdeveloped nations don't have a decision yet to acknowledge the high degree

Society and Family Conflict in A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberr

Society and Family Conflict in A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry   â â Within the setting of some random crossroads ever, the progression of time permits reflection on the mentalities and feelings of individuals. The political climate, business crazes, social patterns or strict intensity of the time we watch, all loan zest to the perspectives that we will discover there. A few parts of our human instinct are as immortal as eating or resting, for example, the obligations of a family or the contentions which destroy them. In Lorraine Hansberry's work A Raisin in the Sun we can see plainly not just the dramatization every one of us survives in the ties of family and love, yet it gives us an undying cut of history of the occasions wherein it was composed.  â â â â â â â A great part of the political activity that happened during the time depicted inside this play is explicit to the time which it depicts. In Chicago and somewhere else, the financial torment of minority families was ... ... Carlisle, David K. 1998. Dark Combat Units In Korean War Action. [Online] Available:â http://members.aol.com/warlib/dkc2.htm [2000, June 12]. Hansberry, Lorraine. A Raisin in the Sun. Beatty, J., Hunter, J. P. (Eds.)(1998) Norton Introduction to Literature (seventh Ed.). New York: Norton (pp.â 1381-1485). MSN Microsoft Network. Encarta. W.E.B. DuBois. [Online] Available: http://encarta.msn.com/list/conciseindex/2E/02E91000.htm?z=1&pg=2&br=1 [2000, June 11]. Â

Marketing Analysis Paper

Marketing Analysis Paper Marketing Analysis Paper Home›Marketing Posts›Marketing Analysis Paper Marketing PostsMarketing has been known to be a way of promoting and selling of products. In this essay, we are critically going to focus on the different types used by marketers to determine product positioning, competitive positioning, customer’s perception and distribution-channel analysis. In addition, we will focus on the comparison on the strengths weaknesses of each method and finally assessing different types of marketing analysis required to develop marketing strategy.Product positioning has been known to be the act of coming up with an image of what a given client or company is offering so as to make the consumer or the target customer to have the full knowledge needed about the product that is being marketed in relation to competitors. Having the image of the product to be marketed then some analysis which determines the product positioning needs to be used for the better marketing.These analyses are such as factor analysis, discriminate analysis and multidimensional scaling. Factor analysis has been known to represent the attributes in terms of smaller number of underlying factors after which the brand ratings are then used to position the brands while discriminate analysis also requires respondents to provide attribute ratings even though like factor analysis its objective is to minimize the required number of attributes to a smaller number of underlying dimensions.Despite having the almost the same characteristics as such of those of factor analysis, they tend to differ whereby discriminate analysis tries to focus on those attributes which has got different brands and it also tends to assume those attributes which shows a large variations within the products themselves. That is why, in product positioning, this analysis identifies the underlying dimensions among those groups.   Finally, Multidimensional Scaling was seen to enable the products to be mapped spatially so th at the relative positions in the mapped space should reflect the degree of the perceived similarity between the products (Kohli Leuthesser, 2011).With the analysis discussed above, it’s important for one to note the strengths and weaknesses of each and every analysis when it comes to marketing the product. Some of the strengths of the factor analysis technique are, it reduces the complexity of the data through the means of reducing the number of variables (Kotler, et al. 2008). Apart from the reduction of the number of the analysis, it can be also be used to identify the hidden dimensions or even construct those dimensions which may tend to look apparent to the target market from the direct market and finally, it easy and ensures the right decision are made.As much as it posses those strengths, factor analysis also posses some weaknesses in it whereby the usefulness of the products entirely depends on the originator of the product. it is ability to collect the enough set of produ ct attributes needed and if the important attributes becomes unavailable, then the value of the procedure are reduced (Joshi, 2005). Incase there is any similarities in variables, then the factor analysis takes the responsibility of assigning single factor on it hence making it harder when it comes to identifications of factors that capture more interesting relationships and finally, naming of any factor may require the background knowledge because more attributes may lead to more correlation for no apparent reason.It will be of important if we happen to know the strengths of those factor analysis also, for instance, if we compare multidimensional scaling with factor analysis, in multidimensional scaling analysis, despite its strength in desirability, at the same time it has less products which may lead to unstable condition due to the consumer’s needs. That’s why it is recommended that more products should be available. Another weakness that may be experienced with multidimensi onal scaling is the same brand on the same products. This may lead to some customers not being considered when it comes to product wants of which might be found unavailable due to the same brand in the market.An advantage the product may have under multidimensional scaling is the allowance of the product to be reversed when it comes to ranking order among the subjects. It has also shown to be robust to embedding an existing set with new stimuli as long as the new stimuli are unlike and also multidimensional scaling has also become robust when it comes to metric and finally it has got an easy interpretation, in multidimensional scaling analysis, fewer dimensions are generated as compared to factor analysis due to factor analysis including those dimensions allowing for significant amount of the total variations.But when it comes to factor analysis with discriminate analysis, it defines dimensions which shows bigger differences between groups who pretend to ignore those dimensions of p roducts which have got the likelihood of showing the bigger variations. It can also be used as a complementary technique to highlight the dimensions which may tend to differ before as agreed among the customers.All the above kept into consideration, then there is a need for the company involved in the product to position the product based upon some opportunities provided. First, the originator of the product should consider the customer’s need and make sure the product is available, then he should identify the strengths that are both unique and important of which he should also determine on how incase the product develops some weaknesses, on how to correct it and making it look more appealing (Kotler, et al. 2008). There is also some need to change the consumer usage patterns by including some different or adding more products in the market and finally identifying those place that determine the best target for the product.Finally, there is need for the distribution channel so as t o develop a market strategy, this are the existing distribution channel which should focus on the relationship between the consumer and the manufacturer. Another one is the trend and the emerging channels which mean new opportunities can be offered to develop competitive market and the channel powered structure whereby if the product happens to have the little brand equity, then the retailers have negotiating power over manufacturers and can capture more margins.

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Nanotechnology And Its Effects On Our Future - 1587 Words

Imagine that, in the near future, you need surgery in your lungs. Currently, it would be very invasive and very risky to do surgery on your lungs. But, with advances in nanotechnology, the surgery could be quick and painless. There could be almost no risk attributed to surgeries like nowadays, and it would not be nearly as invasive either. Nanotechnology is something that isn’t necessarily new, it has been talked about and worked upon for many years. However, there have been advances in this field that have led to new and also exciting discoveries. Surgeries, for example, are one of the things that nanotechnology has seen a promising future for. There is, however, a dark side of this. While there are many innovations that have launched this technology to the forefront of many scientists’ minds, there are also skeptics and nonbelievers that say this technology could do more harm than it could good. There are many pros, but there are even more cons to this technology. Thi s reason is why so many people say that we should not be pushing this technology as far and as hard as we currently are. If there is not a change in the rapid growth of this technology, there could be some undesirable consequences. There is a nearly universal belief that cancer is horrible. There is also nearly universal belief that the treatments we have today for cancer are not effective at all, and they are also not safe. Chemotherapy is one of the most widespread treatment options, and it clearlyShow MoreRelatedThe Impact of Nanotechnology in Our Lives1523 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact of Nanotechnology in Our LivesNanotechnology is science and engineering at the scale of atoms and molecules. It is the manipulation and use of materials and devices so tiny that nothing can be built any smaller. It refers to the use of materials with nanoscale dimensions, ranging from 1-100 nanometers. Nanotechnology impacts our lives today in many ways, such as economically, socially, environm entally, ethically, and more. Nanotechnology is used broadly in many ones daily life. ManyRead MoreIntegration of Nanotechnology and Biotechnology882 Words   |  3 PagesTechnology has changed our lives tremendously, when we see the things that we can do with a simple computer or cell phone if we were to go back into time just a few years no one would believe that this technology is possible. Innovative minds of the 21st century have made life a lot easier for us. The advances seen in the 21st century alone are astounding. Advances in technology are even more evident in sciences fields, especially medicine. When we look at technologies such as Medical Robots thatRead MoreAnalysis Of Michio Kaku s Physics Of The Future1406 Words   |  6 PagesMichio Kaku’s, Physics of the Future (2011) is about the forthcoming technology and the beneficial uses we will have for them. Nanotechnology is one of the technologies Kaku illustrates. The government’s National Science Foundation Nanotechnology Report sta tes: â€Å"Nanotechnology has the potential to enhance human performance, to bring sustainable development for materials, water, energy, and foods, to protect against unknown bacteria and viruses†¦.† (p. 200). Nanotechnology will be a huge factor in theRead MoreThe Wide Possibilities of Nanotechnology Essay953 Words   |  4 Pagesand flourished with many inventions and advancements. Everyday, our science community continues to come up with new ideas to improve the world, especially in nanotechnology industry. The technologies that scientists have developed have greatly impacted the world. New technological discoveries are constantly being made in this this field, and projects are underway that will soon be used in the future years. The expansion of nanotechnology will improve the lives of many citizens because scientists areRead MoreThe Impact of Technology on the US Economy: The Development of Nanotechnology1725 Words   |  7 Pagesof technological development. A s a result, United States technological development has made a significant contribution to its robust economy. Since the technological development continues to rapidly grow to the present date, specifically the nanotechnology sector, the United States is pursuing to develop and expand its appropriate institutional mechanisms and policies to better manage the technological development. Currently, there are debates to whether the free market mechanism or government interventionRead MoreThe Effect Of Nanoparticles On Lung Cancer1323 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effect of Nanoparticles on Lung Cancer As time has gone on, the search to find a cure to lung cancer continues to this day. Researchers and scientists have spent years constructing numerous labs and tests trying to find an answer to the age old disease that has taken the lives of thousands. Lung cancer involves the rapid growth of unknown cells in the lung region. Unfortunately, similar to many other forms of cancer, it is difficult to detect symptoms at an early stage. In most cases, patientsRead MoreThe Impacts Coal-Fired Power Plants on the Environment 1878 Words   |  7 Pagesrenewable ways to generate electricity including recent studies in using Nanomaterial as a future option. (World Nuclear Association, 2014). Why is it a problem? Our human race is currently dangerously dependent on coal and various other fossil fuels for our electricity needs. The widespread use of coal has produced significant and harmful levels of pollutants that degrade our environment and adversely impact our health. (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2014) Although, scientists have only recently discoveredRead MoreImagine This, YouRe At The Doctor’S Office For A Visit1585 Words   |  7 Pagesif we could use modern nanotechnology to help overcome the disease by detecting it earlier? According to Joshua Smith, the speaker of New Nanotech to Detect Cancer Early., and his team has created a nanodevice to detect cancer early in a much less expensive way. Technology is ever changing in ways to become a method to detect cancer early, resulting in a large decrease in the percentage that have to fight the disease for years on end. With the creation of nanotechnology, the world can start toRead MoreAntimicrobial Potency Of Silver Nanopartic les1691 Words   |  7 Pagesbacteria. Silver nanoparticles have been also known to possess antimicrobial properties that aid in the fight against various bacteria. The use of plants as well as silver nanoparticles to fight against bacteria has caused much interest in the nanotechnology and medicine fields, and has been the basis of many studies. The purpose of this paper is to scrutinize the antimicrobial potency of silver nanoparticles, and how they may be utilized to fight against various harmful bacteria. â€Æ' Bacteria:Read MoreIs Technology a Solution or a Danger to Our Health and Society?1428 Words   |  6 Pages Is Technology A Solution Or A Danger To Our Health And Society? Over the last few years of my life, technology evolved in an abrupt manner. Science and its inventions over the centuries have made life easier and enjoyable. The future of genetics, neuroscience, and biotechnology bear the potential to transform our world for the better. Any technology that offers benefits will usually come with risks as well. In order to make wise decisions about using a technology, we must understand its potential

Pollution in New York Free Essays

Alberto A. Ortiz Bio 112 May 13, 2010 Pollution is all around us, everywhere we go, every day we experience some sort of pollution. Babies in the womb are more vulnerable than their mothers to DNA harm from air pollution, in spite of the additional protection that the placenta is thought to supply in removing toxins. We will write a custom essay sample on Pollution in New York or any similar topic only for you Order Now In a study of babies and their mothers in New York City, scientists found that babies had accumulated a relatively high amount of mutations, and they connected the mutations to vehicle emissions. The babies also had more toxins from secondhand smoke than their mothers, who didn’t even smoke. This information is listed in Environmental Health Perspectives. For many years, scientists have believed that a fetus may be more susceptible to toxins than an adult. Yet, new research among a handful of large studies has analyzed the genetic effects of pollution. It is not known what the health effects of this DNA damage, if any, are for newborns. Exposure to these types of pollutants and tobacco smoke has been linked to increased risk for cancer in adults. This finding raises concern about fetal susceptibility and underscores the importance of reducing air pollution,† says Frederica Perera, who led the study at the Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health in New York City. The study included 265 pairs of nonsmoking African-American and Latina mothers and newborns in New York City. The researchers collected cord blood samples from the babies at the time of delivery and blood samples from the mothers a day after giving birth. Mothers and newborns had the same level of DNA damage from air pollutants, but the researchers estimate that the fetus is exposed to a ten-fold lower dose of pollutants than the mother because the placenta serves as a filter. Thus, fetuses appear to be particularly susceptible to environmental toxins and may not be able to clear them from their bodies or repair damaged DNA. The finding that newborns had higher levels of cotinine, a byproduct of nicotine, in their blood than did their mothers reinforces he concern that babies are more affected by secondhand smoke. The scientists were able to measure the level of DNA damage from air pollutants in mothers and newborns by analyzing stretches of mutated DNA, called biomarkers, that have been associated with exposure to diesel emissions and other air pollutants. In a previous study of Caucasian women and their newborns in Krakow, Poland, Perera and her colleagues found similar prenatal susceptibility to air pollution. Because New York City has much lower levels of pollution than Krakow, they wanted to see if the same damage occurred. New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg has put forward legislation, which will provide the first comprehensive overhaul of the New York City Noise Code in over 30 years. Noise is the number one complaint to the City’s 311 citizen service hotline, currently averaging nearly 1,000 calls a day. The proposal provides a flexible environment to keep New York’s businesses thriving while addressing the number one quality of life complaint in New York. Mayor Bloomberg said that his new proposal, which was announced in June 2004, was the first overhaul of the Noise Code in over 30 years and would maintain the City’s vibrancy by balancing the need for construction, development and an exciting nightlife with New Yorker’s well deserved right to peace and quiet. â€Å"Building on the success of our enforcement initiative, Operation Silent Night, we are proposing a comprehensive revision to the noise code that will make New York quieter and more livable without stifling growth,† the Mayor added. The new Noise Code will remove outdated code sections and replace them with ones that use the latest acoustic technology and will provide for flexible and reasonable enforcement. The new code provides updated and sensible means of limiting noise from construction sites located near residential neighborhoods. By establishing uniform best management practices for all work sites, using greater discretion in granting permits for night and weekend work and mandating ‘noise management plans’ that include portable sound barriers, noise jackets for jackhammers at all construction sites the code will decrease noise pollution. Neighbors apply special lotions after showering because their skin burns. Tests show that their tap water contains arsenic, barium, lead, manganese and other chemicals at concentrations federal regulators say could contribute to cancer and damage the kidneys and nervous system. â€Å"How can we get digital cable and Internet in our homes, but not clean water? † said Mrs. Hall-Massey, a senior accountant at one of the state’s largest banks. She and her husband, Charles, do not live in some remote corner of Appalachia. Charleston, the state capital, is less than 17 miles from her home. â€Å"How is this still happening today? † she asked. When Mrs. Hall-Massey and 264 neighbors sued nine nearby coal companies, accusing them of putting dangerous waste into local water supplies, their lawyer did not have to look far for evidence. As required by state law, some of the companies had disclosed in reports to regulators that they were pumping into the ground illegal concentrations of chemicals — the same pollutants that flowed from residents’ taps. But state regulators never fined or punished those companies for breaking those pollution laws. The vast majority of those polluters have escaped punishment. State officials have repeatedly ignored obvious illegal dumping, and the Environmental Protection Agency, which can prosecute polluters when states fail to act, has often declined to intervene. Because it is difficult to determine what causes diseases like cancer, it is impossible to know how many illnesses are the results of water pollution, or contaminants’ role in the health problems of specific individuals. But concerns over these toxins are great enough that Congress and the E. P. A. regulate more than 100 pollutants through the Clean Water Act and strictly limit 91 chemicals or contaminants in tap water through the Safe Drinking Water Act. Research shows that an estimated one in 10 Americans have been exposed to drinking water that contains dangerous chemicals or fails to meet a federal health benchmark in other ways. Those exposures include carcinogens in the tap water of major American cities and unsafe chemicals in drinking-water wells. Wells, which are not typically regulated by the Safe Drinking Water Act, are more likely to contain contaminants than municipal water systems. Because most of today’s water pollution has no scent or taste, many people who consume dangerous chemicals do not realize it, even after they become sick, researchers say. The broadest definition of thermal pollution is the degradation of water quality by any process that changes ambient water temperature. Thermal pollution is usually associated with increases of water temperatures in a stream, lake, or ocean due to the discharge of heated water from industrial processes, such as the generation of electricity. Increases in ambient water temperature also occur in streams where shading vegetation along the banks is removed or where sediments have made the water more turbid. Both of these effects allow more energy from the sun to be absorbed by the water and thereby increase its temperature. There are also situations in which the effects of colder-than-normal water temperatures may be observed. For example, the discharge of cold bottom water from deep-water reservoirs behind large dams has changed the downstream biological communities in systems such as the Colorado River. http://www. controllingpollution. com/pollution/thermal-pollution/ http://www. nydailynews. com/topics/Noise+Pollution http://www. dec. ny. gov/chemical/281. html http://www. nytimes. com/2009/12/17/us/17water. html How to cite Pollution in New York, Papers

Solutions Edition Essay Example

Solutions Edition Paper What information could Amazons management provide to investors to clarify the change in inventory turnover? What are the costs and benefits to Amazon from disclosing this information? What issues does this change raise for the auditor? What additional tests would you want to conduct as Amazons auditor? Amazon had annulled sales of $51. 6 billion and an implied annulled inventory turnover rate Of 16. 1 at the end Of 2010 and $696 billion and 13. , respectively, at the end of 2011 Analysts could view this change in a positive manner if they anticipate that the increase in inventory is a signal that Amazon expects higher sales in the future. Once these higher sales are realized, the turnover rate will return to its prior level (unless the company anticipates notational sales increases, which certainly is a possibility with a company such as Amazon). Analysts could also view this change in a negative way. While sales have increased, inventories have increased faster, suggesting that Amazon is not managing its inventories well. Because Amazon has more resources tied up in inventory, it will have to cut back on spending related to improving its operations and developing new products such as the Kindle series to readers. To Clarita/ the reasons for changes in inventory turnover, Amazon could provide information about: ;The types of products in inventory. Is the inventory mainly old products that have not sold and will have to be deeply discounted or written- off or is it new, popular products that have not yet been released to the public? We will write a custom essay sample on Solutions Edition specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Solutions Edition specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Solutions Edition specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Forecasts of sales by product liana ; Technical specifications, marketing strategies and release dates for new product introductions. ; Changes in overall firm strategy that might be related to the increase in inventory. The costs of providing this type of additional information include: ; Disclosure Of proprietary information about the firm. Amazons competitors could use this information to adjust their business plans; ; Loss Of credibility if Amazons forecasts turn out to be incorrect. Investors and analysts will be more skeptical in the future; and ; Potential legal liability if Amazons forecasts turn out to be incorrect and disgruntled shareholders sue. The benefits of providing this type of additional information include: ; Provide analysts and investors with a better understanding of the firms plans: and ; Added credibility for the firm in the future if the current forecasts and information turn out to be correct. The firms auditors would be interested in answering the same types of questions as outside analysts. They would be especially concerned about whether the slower turns are attributable to old obsolete inventory that may have to be Mitten Off. This Will require tests that help clarify what type of inventory has increased, whether that inventory is for older lines or for new lines that are expected to be strong sellers next quarter/ year. 2. A. What are likely to be the long-term critical success factors for the following types Of firms? a high-technology company, such as Microsoft ; a large, low-cost retailer such as Wall-Mart Critical success factors for a high firm, such as Microsoft: ; Investment in search and development of new technologies and applications; ; Continual improvement of existing products to keep ahead of competitors: and ; Large installed base of customers, Provides a ready market for compatible products and upgrades and makes it harder for competitors to build market share. Critical success factors for a large, low-cost retailer, such as Wall-Mart: ;Maintenance of its low cost structure; ; Growth in sales per store; and ; Ability to open new stores in untapped markets. 2. B. How useful is financial accounting data for evaluating how well these two companies are managing their critical success factors? What other types of information would be useful in your evaluation? What are the costs and benefits to these companies from disclosing this bye of information to investors? For a high-tech firm, non-financial accounting types of useful information could include: ; Long-term strategy for the firm; ; Market share by product; ; Introduction schedules for new products and updates of existing ones; ; Profitability Of individual products: ; Forecasts of future performance; ; Third-party evaluations Of firms products; and ; Estimates of switching between firms products and those of its competitors. For a large, low-cost retailer, types of useful non-financial accounting information could include: ; Long. ERM strategy of the firm; ; Sales and profitability per store, per existing store, per new store, and by region of the country: Number and locations of new stores; ; Number and locations of closed stores; ; Management initiatives to reduce costs; ; Disclosure of volume discounts negotiated with major suppliers; ; Understanding to how firm manages its value chain through use of technology; and ; Sales and cost projections. In general, both types of firms will benefit from greater disclosure by increasing analysts and investors understandings of the firm. They Will both bear costs related to the release of proprietary information to competitors, decreased credibility if subsequent actions and results do not match the disclosure, and legal liability from dissatisfied investors. Overall, the benefits and costs of disclosing this type of information are likely to be greater for the high-technology firm than for the low-cost retailer. Financial statement information will typically provide a better understanding of the low-cost retailer than the high-tech firm. Most of the retailers assets are tangible and its costs and performance re reasonably well captured by financial statements. A high-tech firms most significant assets are often intangible (e. G. , RD, patents, trade secrets, etc. L and financial statements have a more difficult time capturing these values. Thus, voluntary disclosure is likely more important to the understanding of the high-tech firm rather than the low-cost retailer. Of course, voluntary disclosure is also likely to be more costly for high-tech firms, since their key information is more likely to be proprietary. In addition, higher business uncertainty for high-tech firms potentially increases the risk of legal liability arising from laundry disclosure. 3. Management frequently objects to disclosing additional information on the grounds that it is proprietary. For instance, when the FAST proposed to expand disclosures on (a) accounting for stock-based employee compensation (issued in December 2002) and (b) business segment performance (issued in June 1997), many corporate managers expressed strong opposition to both proposals. What are the potential proprietary costs from expanded disclosures in each to these areas? It you conclude that proprietary costs are relatively low for either, what alternative explanations do you have for managements opposition? Expanded disclosure standards require firms to report using the same segments used for internal reporting and organization. This information potentially provides additional information to a companys competitors. More detailed business segment data offers a better picture of performance and profitability across a companys various business segments. It also provides insight into differences in cost Structures across components. Using this information, competitors could choose to compete head to head With the firms most profitable segments or where the firm was most alienable due to high costs. Thus, additional business segment disclosures are potentially quite costly to a company. It is more difficult to identify any significant proprietary costs related to expanded disclosure of executive stock compensation. Managements opposition to the ongoing debates about whether to record an expense for stock options can probably be better explained by managements concerns about providing stockholders with information about its stock compensation. Managements concerns are likely to he most severe when its compensation is difficult to justify given the performance of the firm. . In contrast to U. S. GAP, FIRS permits management to reverse impairment on fixed assets which have increased in value since the time toothier impairment. Revaluations are typically based on estimates of realizable value made why management or independent values. Do you expect that these accounting standards will make earnings and book values more or less useful to investors? Explain why or why not. How can management make these types of disclosures more credible? The usefulness of earnings and book values will depend on any information asymmetry between management and investors as well as managements incentives to manage reported performance using fixed asset revaluations. Consider the case where management has more precise information on the value of certain key assets than investors. Asset revaluations are one way for them to provide information to investors on these values. Of course, information asymmetry also provides management with the opportunity to use discretion in making revaluations to conceal poor performance, perhaps to increase compensation or job security, or to reduce the risk Of violating debt contracts. Hence, if there are effective institutional constraints on the abuse of management reporting discretion, such as monitoring by independent auditors and values, the press, the board of directors, and financial analysts, permitting management discretion in financial reporting Will increase the usefulness Of financial accounting reports. However, fetishes institutional constraints are ineffective, discretion will actually reduce the value of accounting data. S. Under a management buyout, the top management of a firm offers to buy the company from its stockholders, usually at a premium over its current stock price. The management team puts up its own capital to finance the acquisition, with additional financing typically coming from a private buyout firm and private debt, If management is interested in making such an offer for its firm in the near future, what are its financial reporting incentives? How do these differ from the incentives of management that are not interested in a buyout? Hove would you respond to a proposed management buyout it you were the firms auditor? What about if you were a member of the audit committee? If management is interested in making a buyout offer for the firm, its primary concern may be paying as low a price as possible, This goal may give management an incentive o use accounting discretion to make the firm appear to be under-performing. This bad news might lower the stock price and eventual purchase price. As a result, management may be able to arrange to purchase the firm at a price that is lower than its economic value. Of course, management interested in a buyout also has to be concerned about audiences other than current stockholders, such as bankers and bond investors. These parties Will be asked to lend management funds to buy the firm, and Will demand higher interest rates if they believe the firm is a poor performer. In contrast, if management is not interested in buyout, it probably has incentives to make financial reporting assumptions that increase earnings, thereby increasing its own compensation job security. Alternatively, if management is concerned about establishing credibility in the capital market, it may report in an unbiased fashion, or perhaps even smooth performance, to ensure earnings reports do not surprise investors. Management incentives for reporting prior too management buyout should be of interest to the external auditor and audit committee because they could affect the firms reporting. If management has incentives to understate performance, to e able to acquire the firm at a low price, the auditors and audit committee would want to pay close attention to those areas where managers have room to manage earnings, 6, You are approached by the management of a small start- up company that is planning to go public. The founders are unsure about how aggressive they should be in their accounting decisions as they come to the market. John Smith, the CEO, asserts: We might as well take full advantage of any discretion offered by accounting rules, since the market will be expecting us to do so. What are the pros and cons of this strategy? As the partner of a major audit firm, what type of analysis would you perform before deciding to take on a new start-up that is planning to go public? Pros Generate better-looking financial statements. More aggressive accounting decisions could make the firms performance appear better than it would otherwise. Facilitate a future initial public Offering. If aggressive accounting decisions lead to higher earnings, etc. , it may be easier for the company to go public With higher earnings than lower, all Other things equal. Promote interest in the firm. With higher earnings due to aggressive accounting decisions, the company may capture a higher profile in the media. Press coverage about the firm could lead to greater investor interest in the company and facilitate a subsequent initial public offering. Cons Difficulties with auditors. The firms auditors would have to approve the aggressive accounting decisions by the firm. If the auditors did not sign off on some of the firms choices, then the firm would have to make less aggressive accounting choices or change accounting firms. Either of these changes could serve as a warning about the firm to potential investors. Difficulties with underwriters. Even it auditors approved to the firms accounting decisions, the rims underwriters will also evaluate their accounting choices during the due diligence process before the firm goes public. An underwriter that is not confident about a firms accounting may delay or cancel an underwriting rather than be embarrassed by poor firm performance subsequent to an underwriting. Less accounting discretion going forward. By making the most aggressive accounting choices today, the firm will have less flexibility in the future to change its accounting without generating considerable investor scrutiny. Increasingly skeptical investors. Firms that make more aggressive accounting choices may appear riskier to investors. As a result, underwriters and investors Will require greater compensation for that risk, increasing the firms cost of going public. 7. TWO years after a successful public offering, the CEO Of a biotechnology company is concerned about stock market uncertainty surrounding the potential of new drugs in the development pipeline. In his discussion With you, the CEO notes that even though they have recently made significant progress in their internal R efforts, the stock has performed poorly. What options does he have to help convince investors of the value of the new products? Which of these options are likely to be feasible? The CEO could potentially take advantage of the following options to provide information about the value of the firms new projects: ; Analysts meetings ; Voluntary disclosure of internal efforts ; Initiating or increasing its dividend ; Stock repurchases ; Sale to a block of stock to a pharmaceutical company or other knowledgeable firm While each of these options could he used to communicate directly or signal managements private information about the value of the firms new projects, the firm may be either unable or unwilling to undertake some of these options. Stock purchases and initiating/increasing the dividend are likely to be infeasible. Both of these strategies require cash that the firm probably does not have. The typical biotech firm does not turn a profit for several years after going public. In fact, it often returns to the capital markets for additional resources to support it while products are developed and the firm waits for regulatory approval. Hence, these high-cost strategies are probably not realistic options for the firm. Analysts meetings and increased voluntary disclosure are more likely actions for the firm. These represent efficient ways for the firm to provide detailed information about its new projects. If management information is not considered to be credible, investors and analysts may not pay attention to information provided in this manner. Furthermore, management may be reluctant to provide detailed information to the diverse group Of shareholders and analysts because of critical information it could provide to competitors. Sale off block of stock to a pharmaceutical company or other knowledgeable firm would also be feasible for the firm to do. It would signal to outsider investors and analysts that a very knowledgeable player with access to sensitive company information about the rims new projects has decided to make a substantial investment in the firm. The firm may prefer not to sell a block of stock in this manner for reasons of corporate control, If the potential placeholder sees the private information and decides that the firm is undervalued, it may decide to try to acquire the firm outright. Furthermore, the firer may not want to disclose the information to a potential competitor. However, there may be legal arrangements between the fir-n and a potential placeholder that could limit the likelihood of any of these events. 8. Why might the CEO of the biotechnology firm discussed in Question be concerned about the firm being undervalued? Would the CEO be equally concerned if the stock were overvalued? Do you believe that the CEO would attempt to correct the markets perception in this overvaluation case? How valued you react to company concern about market under- or overvaluation if you were the firms auditor? Or if you were a member of the audit committee? The CEO could be concerned about the firm being undervalued for several reasons. First, an undervalued firm makes a good takeover target. Once another firm discovers that the firm is undervalued, it may try to acquire the firm. If successful, the acquiring firm may fire the CEO. Second, undervaluation makes raising equity capital more expensive. Fifth firms shares are trading below their true value, the firm will have to sell a larger portion of the company to raise the same amount of new equity capital. Finally, the Coos compensation may be tied to firm value. It is unlikely if the firm is undervalued that the CEO will earn a substantial bonus. Moreover, the CEO may be rewarded if the stock price moves from being undervalued to being fairly valued. The CEO has different incentives to take action if he believes that the firm is overvalued, Equity capital is less expensive to asses it the firm is overvalued. Academic research suggests that there are more equity issues during periods when firms are likely to be overvalued. In addition, the Coos bonus may depend on the firms value. It the stock price falls as result of his actions, the CEO could lose his bonus as well as put his job at risk. The CEO also has an incentive to correct the overvaluation to reduce the firms legal liability, Assume the CEO has private information that suggests that his company is overvalued. Even if the CEO never discloses the information, at some point the market Avail learn the information and adjust the firms stock price. Dissatisfied shareholders may sue the company with the belief that the CEO manipulated the market by not revealing his private information sooner. Top management may also lose credibility with the market if they delay reporting bad news. Thus, it is unclear whether the CEO would attempt to correct the markets overvalued perception of the firm. 9. When companies decide to shift from private to public financing by making an initial public offering for their stock, they are likely to face increased costs of investor communications. Given this additional cost, why would firms opt to go public? Despite the increased costs Of investor communications, firms go public for many reasons, including: ;Improved access to capital markets. Some quickly growing firms find their growth outstrips the ability of their private funding sources. Some firms find it easier and less expensive to raise capital in public markets. Some investors (some types of mutual funds, retirement funds, trusts, etc. ) cannot invest in privately held companies. Thus, for a variety of reasons, firms go public to take advantage of greater access to public capital markets, ; A significant portion of employees wealth is the firms stock. Just like publicly held firms, many private firms compensate employees with stock or stock options. Over time, an employees stockholders may represent a large portion to her personal wealth. Illness the stock is publicly traded, it is difficult for employees to sell their stock to diversify their holdings, to raise cash to purchase a house, etc. , or even just to leave the fir-n for another job, ; Current owners want to cash out or reduce their holdings in the firm. This category could include managers of an LOBO who want to take the firm public again and receive compensation for their work. It could also include family-owned businesses where the family is no longer interested in running the company. Provide outside value for the firm. It is difficult to value the equity of a privately held firm. A company will often sell a share of its equity to get better information about the value of the remaining equity. Until Microsoft went public, it was almost impossible, even for people working within the firm, to begin to value the intangible assets that the firm had developed. It allows people Who owned stock when the firm was privately held to place a better value on their holdings. Easier evaluation Of firm performance. A firms publicly traded stock price provides one measure of its performance. Stock price and performance measures based on it can be used to compare the firm with itself, others in its industry, and the market as a whole. This information may be valuable to a firms managers as they make operating decisions and form plans for the future. Old. German firms are traditionally financed by banks, which have representatives on the companies boards. How would communication challenges differ for these firms relative to U. S. Firms, which rely more on public financing? German firms face a different set to communications challenges than American firms, due to variations in the ownership structure. Relative to American firms, German firms tend to have tar fewer individual investors and a greater level of holdings by financial institutions. In addition to their equity holdings, financial institutions are often represented on these companies boards of directors. These differences in ownership imply that German firms can communicate with their major owners through board meetings and informal channels, so that the major owners do not have to rely on published financial information. This reduces the information available to German firms competitors, a potential advantage over broad dissemination of information. As a result, major shareholders of German companies have the opportunity to have access to more detailed and proprietary information than LLC. S_ public shareholders. An interesting question is whether German firms actually take advantage of this opportunity. Some have argued that the German model Of capital market creates a COZY relationship between financial institutions and their clients, and that the board of directors provides limited oversight Of a firms management. Solutions Edition Essay Example Solutions Edition Paper What information could Amazons management provide to investors to clarify the change in inventory turnover? What are the costs and benefits to Amazon from disclosing this information? What issues does this change raise for the auditor? What additional tests would you want to conduct as Amazons auditor? Amazon had annulled sales of $51. 6 billion and an implied annulled inventory turnover rate Of 16. 1 at the end Of 2010 and $696 billion and 13. , respectively, at the end of 2011 Analysts could view this change in a positive manner if they anticipate that the increase in inventory is a signal that Amazon expects higher sales in the future. Once these higher sales are realized, the turnover rate will return to its prior level (unless the company anticipates notational sales increases, which certainly is a possibility with a company such as Amazon). Analysts could also view this change in a negative way. While sales have increased, inventories have increased faster, suggesting that Amazon is not managing its inventories well. Because Amazon has more resources tied up in inventory, it will have to cut back on spending related to improving its operations and developing new products such as the Kindle series to readers. To Clarita/ the reasons for changes in inventory turnover, Amazon could provide information about: ;The types of products in inventory. Is the inventory mainly old products that have not sold and will have to be deeply discounted or written- off or is it new, popular products that have not yet been released to the public? We will write a custom essay sample on Solutions Edition specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Solutions Edition specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Solutions Edition specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Forecasts of sales by product liana ; Technical specifications, marketing strategies and release dates for new product introductions. ; Changes in overall firm strategy that might be related to the increase in inventory. The costs of providing this type of additional information include: ; Disclosure Of proprietary information about the firm. Amazons competitors could use this information to adjust their business plans; ; Loss Of credibility if Amazons forecasts turn out to be incorrect. Investors and analysts will be more skeptical in the future; and ; Potential legal liability if Amazons forecasts turn out to be incorrect and disgruntled shareholders sue. The benefits of providing this type of additional information include: ; Provide analysts and investors with a better understanding of the firms plans: and ; Added credibility for the firm in the future if the current forecasts and information turn out to be correct. The firms auditors would be interested in answering the same types of questions as outside analysts. They would be especially concerned about whether the slower turns are attributable to old obsolete inventory that may have to be Mitten Off. This Will require tests that help clarify what type of inventory has increased, whether that inventory is for older lines or for new lines that are expected to be strong sellers next quarter/ year. 2. A. What are likely to be the long-term critical success factors for the following types Of firms? a high-technology company, such as Microsoft ; a large, low-cost retailer such as Wall-Mart Critical success factors for a high firm, such as Microsoft: ; Investment in search and development of new technologies and applications; ; Continual improvement of existing products to keep ahead of competitors: and ; Large installed base of customers, Provides a ready market for compatible products and upgrades and makes it harder for competitors to build market share. Critical success factors for a large, low-cost retailer, such as Wall-Mart: ;Maintenance of its low cost structure; ; Growth in sales per store; and ; Ability to open new stores in untapped markets. 2. B. How useful is financial accounting data for evaluating how well these two companies are managing their critical success factors? What other types of information would be useful in your evaluation? What are the costs and benefits to these companies from disclosing this bye of information to investors? For a high-tech firm, non-financial accounting types of useful information could include: ; Long-term strategy for the firm; ; Market share by product; ; Introduction schedules for new products and updates of existing ones; ; Profitability Of individual products: ; Forecasts of future performance; ; Third-party evaluations Of firms products; and ; Estimates of switching between firms products and those of its competitors. For a large, low-cost retailer, types of useful non-financial accounting information could include: ; Long. ERM strategy of the firm; ; Sales and profitability per store, per existing store, per new store, and by region of the country: Number and locations of new stores; ; Number and locations of closed stores; ; Management initiatives to reduce costs; ; Disclosure of volume discounts negotiated with major suppliers; ; Understanding to how firm manages its value chain through use of technology; and ; Sales and cost projections. In general, both types of firms will benefit from greater disclosure by increasing analysts and investors understandings of the firm. They Will both bear costs related to the release of proprietary information to competitors, decreased credibility if subsequent actions and results do not match the disclosure, and legal liability from dissatisfied investors. Overall, the benefits and costs of disclosing this type of information are likely to be greater for the high-technology firm than for the low-cost retailer. Financial statement information will typically provide a better understanding of the low-cost retailer than the high-tech firm. Most of the retailers assets are tangible and its costs and performance re reasonably well captured by financial statements. A high-tech firms most significant assets are often intangible (e. G. , RD, patents, trade secrets, etc. L and financial statements have a more difficult time capturing these values. Thus, voluntary disclosure is likely more important to the understanding of the high-tech firm rather than the low-cost retailer. Of course, voluntary disclosure is also likely to be more costly for high-tech firms, since their key information is more likely to be proprietary. In addition, higher business uncertainty for high-tech firms potentially increases the risk of legal liability arising from laundry disclosure. 3. Management frequently objects to disclosing additional information on the grounds that it is proprietary. For instance, when the FAST proposed to expand disclosures on (a) accounting for stock-based employee compensation (issued in December 2002) and (b) business segment performance (issued in June 1997), many corporate managers expressed strong opposition to both proposals. What are the potential proprietary costs from expanded disclosures in each to these areas? It you conclude that proprietary costs are relatively low for either, what alternative explanations do you have for managements opposition? Expanded disclosure standards require firms to report using the same segments used for internal reporting and organization. This information potentially provides additional information to a companys competitors. More detailed business segment data offers a better picture of performance and profitability across a companys various business segments. It also provides insight into differences in cost Structures across components. Using this information, competitors could choose to compete head to head With the firms most profitable segments or where the firm was most alienable due to high costs. Thus, additional business segment disclosures are potentially quite costly to a company. It is more difficult to identify any significant proprietary costs related to expanded disclosure of executive stock compensation. Managements opposition to the ongoing debates about whether to record an expense for stock options can probably be better explained by managements concerns about providing stockholders with information about its stock compensation. Managements concerns are likely to he most severe when its compensation is difficult to justify given the performance of the firm. . In contrast to U. S. GAP, FIRS permits management to reverse impairment on fixed assets which have increased in value since the time toothier impairment. Revaluations are typically based on estimates of realizable value made why management or independent values. Do you expect that these accounting standards will make earnings and book values more or less useful to investors? Explain why or why not. How can management make these types of disclosures more credible? The usefulness of earnings and book values will depend on any information asymmetry between management and investors as well as managements incentives to manage reported performance using fixed asset revaluations. Consider the case where management has more precise information on the value of certain key assets than investors. Asset revaluations are one way for them to provide information to investors on these values. Of course, information asymmetry also provides management with the opportunity to use discretion in making revaluations to conceal poor performance, perhaps to increase compensation or job security, or to reduce the risk Of violating debt contracts. Hence, if there are effective institutional constraints on the abuse of management reporting discretion, such as monitoring by independent auditors and values, the press, the board of directors, and financial analysts, permitting management discretion in financial reporting Will increase the usefulness Of financial accounting reports. However, fetishes institutional constraints are ineffective, discretion will actually reduce the value of accounting data. S. Under a management buyout, the top management of a firm offers to buy the company from its stockholders, usually at a premium over its current stock price. The management team puts up its own capital to finance the acquisition, with additional financing typically coming from a private buyout firm and private debt, If management is interested in making such an offer for its firm in the near future, what are its financial reporting incentives? How do these differ from the incentives of management that are not interested in a buyout? Hove would you respond to a proposed management buyout it you were the firms auditor? What about if you were a member of the audit committee? If management is interested in making a buyout offer for the firm, its primary concern may be paying as low a price as possible, This goal may give management an incentive o use accounting discretion to make the firm appear to be under-performing. This bad news might lower the stock price and eventual purchase price. As a result, management may be able to arrange to purchase the firm at a price that is lower than its economic value. Of course, management interested in a buyout also has to be concerned about audiences other than current stockholders, such as bankers and bond investors. These parties Will be asked to lend management funds to buy the firm, and Will demand higher interest rates if they believe the firm is a poor performer. In contrast, if management is not interested in buyout, it probably has incentives to make financial reporting assumptions that increase earnings, thereby increasing its own compensation job security. Alternatively, if management is concerned about establishing credibility in the capital market, it may report in an unbiased fashion, or perhaps even smooth performance, to ensure earnings reports do not surprise investors. Management incentives for reporting prior too management buyout should be of interest to the external auditor and audit committee because they could affect the firms reporting. If management has incentives to understate performance, to e able to acquire the firm at a low price, the auditors and audit committee would want to pay close attention to those areas where managers have room to manage earnings, 6, You are approached by the management of a small start- up company that is planning to go public. The founders are unsure about how aggressive they should be in their accounting decisions as they come to the market. John Smith, the CEO, asserts: We might as well take full advantage of any discretion offered by accounting rules, since the market will be expecting us to do so. What are the pros and cons of this strategy? As the partner of a major audit firm, what type of analysis would you perform before deciding to take on a new start-up that is planning to go public? Pros Generate better-looking financial statements. More aggressive accounting decisions could make the firms performance appear better than it would otherwise. Facilitate a future initial public Offering. If aggressive accounting decisions lead to higher earnings, etc. , it may be easier for the company to go public With higher earnings than lower, all Other things equal. Promote interest in the firm. With higher earnings due to aggressive accounting decisions, the company may capture a higher profile in the media. Press coverage about the firm could lead to greater investor interest in the company and facilitate a subsequent initial public offering. Cons Difficulties with auditors. The firms auditors would have to approve the aggressive accounting decisions by the firm. If the auditors did not sign off on some of the firms choices, then the firm would have to make less aggressive accounting choices or change accounting firms. Either of these changes could serve as a warning about the firm to potential investors. Difficulties with underwriters. Even it auditors approved to the firms accounting decisions, the rims underwriters will also evaluate their accounting choices during the due diligence process before the firm goes public. An underwriter that is not confident about a firms accounting may delay or cancel an underwriting rather than be embarrassed by poor firm performance subsequent to an underwriting. Less accounting discretion going forward. By making the most aggressive accounting choices today, the firm will have less flexibility in the future to change its accounting without generating considerable investor scrutiny. Increasingly skeptical investors. Firms that make more aggressive accounting choices may appear riskier to investors. As a result, underwriters and investors Will require greater compensation for that risk, increasing the firms cost of going public. 7. TWO years after a successful public offering, the CEO Of a biotechnology company is concerned about stock market uncertainty surrounding the potential of new drugs in the development pipeline. In his discussion With you, the CEO notes that even though they have recently made significant progress in their internal R efforts, the stock has performed poorly. What options does he have to help convince investors of the value of the new products? Which of these options are likely to be feasible? The CEO could potentially take advantage of the following options to provide information about the value of the firms new projects: ; Analysts meetings ; Voluntary disclosure of internal efforts ; Initiating or increasing its dividend ; Stock repurchases ; Sale to a block of stock to a pharmaceutical company or other knowledgeable firm While each of these options could he used to communicate directly or signal managements private information about the value of the firms new projects, the firm may be either unable or unwilling to undertake some of these options. Stock purchases and initiating/increasing the dividend are likely to be infeasible. Both of these strategies require cash that the firm probably does not have. The typical biotech firm does not turn a profit for several years after going public. In fact, it often returns to the capital markets for additional resources to support it while products are developed and the firm waits for regulatory approval. Hence, these high-cost strategies are probably not realistic options for the firm. Analysts meetings and increased voluntary disclosure are more likely actions for the firm. These represent efficient ways for the firm to provide detailed information about its new projects. If management information is not considered to be credible, investors and analysts may not pay attention to information provided in this manner. Furthermore, management may be reluctant to provide detailed information to the diverse group Of shareholders and analysts because of critical information it could provide to competitors. Sale off block of stock to a pharmaceutical company or other knowledgeable firm would also be feasible for the firm to do. It would signal to outsider investors and analysts that a very knowledgeable player with access to sensitive company information about the rims new projects has decided to make a substantial investment in the firm. The firm may prefer not to sell a block of stock in this manner for reasons of corporate control, If the potential placeholder sees the private information and decides that the firm is undervalued, it may decide to try to acquire the firm outright. Furthermore, the firer may not want to disclose the information to a potential competitor. However, there may be legal arrangements between the fir-n and a potential placeholder that could limit the likelihood of any of these events. 8. Why might the CEO of the biotechnology firm discussed in Question be concerned about the firm being undervalued? Would the CEO be equally concerned if the stock were overvalued? Do you believe that the CEO would attempt to correct the markets perception in this overvaluation case? How valued you react to company concern about market under- or overvaluation if you were the firms auditor? Or if you were a member of the audit committee? The CEO could be concerned about the firm being undervalued for several reasons. First, an undervalued firm makes a good takeover target. Once another firm discovers that the firm is undervalued, it may try to acquire the firm. If successful, the acquiring firm may fire the CEO. Second, undervaluation makes raising equity capital more expensive. Fifth firms shares are trading below their true value, the firm will have to sell a larger portion of the company to raise the same amount of new equity capital. Finally, the Coos compensation may be tied to firm value. It is unlikely if the firm is undervalued that the CEO will earn a substantial bonus. Moreover, the CEO may be rewarded if the stock price moves from being undervalued to being fairly valued. The CEO has different incentives to take action if he believes that the firm is overvalued, Equity capital is less expensive to asses it the firm is overvalued. Academic research suggests that there are more equity issues during periods when firms are likely to be overvalued. In addition, the Coos bonus may depend on the firms value. It the stock price falls as result of his actions, the CEO could lose his bonus as well as put his job at risk. The CEO also has an incentive to correct the overvaluation to reduce the firms legal liability, Assume the CEO has private information that suggests that his company is overvalued. Even if the CEO never discloses the information, at some point the market Avail learn the information and adjust the firms stock price. Dissatisfied shareholders may sue the company with the belief that the CEO manipulated the market by not revealing his private information sooner. Top management may also lose credibility with the market if they delay reporting bad news. Thus, it is unclear whether the CEO would attempt to correct the markets overvalued perception of the firm. 9. When companies decide to shift from private to public financing by making an initial public offering for their stock, they are likely to face increased costs of investor communications. Given this additional cost, why would firms opt to go public? Despite the increased costs Of investor communications, firms go public for many reasons, including: ;Improved access to capital markets. Some quickly growing firms find their growth outstrips the ability of their private funding sources. Some firms find it easier and less expensive to raise capital in public markets. Some investors (some types of mutual funds, retirement funds, trusts, etc. ) cannot invest in privately held companies. Thus, for a variety of reasons, firms go public to take advantage of greater access to public capital markets, ; A significant portion of employees wealth is the firms stock. Just like publicly held firms, many private firms compensate employees with stock or stock options. Over time, an employees stockholders may represent a large portion to her personal wealth. Illness the stock is publicly traded, it is difficult for employees to sell their stock to diversify their holdings, to raise cash to purchase a house, etc. , or even just to leave the fir-n for another job, ; Current owners want to cash out or reduce their holdings in the firm. This category could include managers of an LOBO who want to take the firm public again and receive compensation for their work. It could also include family-owned businesses where the family is no longer interested in running the company. Provide outside value for the firm. It is difficult to value the equity of a privately held firm. A company will often sell a share of its equity to get better information about the value of the remaining equity. Until Microsoft went public, it was almost impossible, even for people working within the firm, to begin to value the intangible assets that the firm had developed. It allows people Who owned stock when the firm was privately held to place a better value on their holdings. Easier evaluation Of firm performance. A firms publicly traded stock price provides one measure of its performance. Stock price and performance measures based on it can be used to compare the firm with itself, others in its industry, and the market as a whole. This information may be valuable to a firms managers as they make operating decisions and form plans for the future. Old. German firms are traditionally financed by banks, which have representatives on the companies boards. How would communication challenges differ for these firms relative to U. S. Firms, which rely more on public financing? German firms face a different set to communications challenges than American firms, due to variations in the ownership structure. Relative to American firms, German firms tend to have tar fewer individual investors and a greater level of holdings by financial institutions. In addition to their equity holdings, financial institutions are often represented on these companies boards of directors. These differences in ownership imply that German firms can communicate with their major owners through board meetings and informal channels, so that the major owners do not have to rely on published financial information. This reduces the information available to German firms competitors, a potential advantage over broad dissemination of information. As a result, major shareholders of German companies have the opportunity to have access to more detailed and proprietary information than LLC. S_ public shareholders. An interesting question is whether German firms actually take advantage of this opportunity. Some have argued that the German model Of capital market creates a COZY relationship between financial institutions and their clients, and that the board of directors provides limited oversight Of a firms management.

SWAT team Essays

SWAT team Essays SWAT team Essay SWAT team Essay More SWAT teams sprang up around the nation throughout the sixties seventies, where they were most needed. For instance, in 1975, the Fresno Police Department put together a SWAT team that consisted of ten men – two sergeants and eight deputies. They armed themselves with weapons confiscated from properties and evidence. That same year, in San Jose, California, Fred Solomon stabbed and tried to rape a woman in her home. When her children called police, he led his pursuers on a chase across San Jose. During the chase, Solomon stole three vehicles, threatened various people, kidnapped and shot a doctor. Finally, Solomon hijacked a Continental Airlines 727. He was brought down by a sharpshooter on San Jose’s SWAT team (UPI, 1975). The SWAT concept was so new in 1975 that newspapers had to explain to their readers what the initials stood for. In 1977, a group called MOVE holed themselves up in a house, along with rats, dogs and excrement. When neighbors complained about the smell, inspectors had gone to investigate, but were blocked by MOVE protestors. Police then went in to aid the inspectors. When one of the officers spotted a gun in the hand of a MOVE member, he asked her to throw down her gun. Instead, MOVE opened fire on the SWAT team below. The members then threw a little girl out of their basement window as a shield. A plainclothes officer rescued her, and the SWAT team managed to capture automatic weapons and ammunition that the group had stored in its house. Some of MOVE’s members were then charged with murder. Their children were taken, given baths, and turned over to Welfare, because MOVE was against soap, and burying garbage (UPI, 1978). In 1979, a San Diego sixteen-year-old, who had received a gun as a Christmas present from her father, opened fire on teachers and students at an elementary school. She killed the school’s principal, a custodian, and an officer who attempted to bring a wounded child to safety. She also wounded children from age six to age twelve. The school was across from her home, which SWAT officers surrounded. Through negotiation, they convinced her to come out from her barricade. The girl claimed she had been trying to â€Å"cheer up† a Monday (UPI, Sniper kills two in school yard, 1979). In 1980, prisoners in Santa Fe, New Mexico took over the New Mexico state prison. Prisoners began fighting other prisoners, leaving more than twenty-seven inmates dead, before the SWAT team went in and regained control. The deaths were brutal and caused by mutilation and burning. Reports said that the brutality was unthinkable. The SWAT team managed to keep all the hostages alive, overcoming the power of around 250 inmates. Here, the SWAT team demonstrated that the usual police power was not enough for specialized cases. The ability of SWAT officers to avoid unnecessary violence was showcased as well (UPI, 1980). In 1984, the SWAT team was called in, when Olympic athlete, Kari Swenson was kidnapped by mountain men as she was jogging. When Swenson’s friend Alan Goldstein found her and tried to free her, the men shot and killed him. Swenson herself was also shot in the gunfire, and nearly bled to death, but the athlete was found in time and rushed to the hospital. Her captors, Don and Dan Nichols managed to escape. Therefore, the SWAT team, using high-technology equipment and flying helicopters, were asked to search for them (Anez, 1984). Although the team did not succeed in its initial attempts, the two mountain men were brought into custody later in the year (Hauser, 2008).

25 Synonyms for Expression

25 Synonyms for Expression 25 Synonyms for â€Å"Expression† 25 Synonyms for â€Å"Expression† By Mark Nichol Many words can be employed to refer to an expression. Most, as you’ll see, are true synonyms of one or more others, but a few have specific (and sometimes unique) connotations. Here are the synonyms and their senses: 1. Adage (from the Latin adagium, â€Å"proverb†) An often metaphorical observation: â€Å"The early bird gets the worm.† 2. Aphorism (from the Greek aphorismos, â€Å"definition†) A principle concisely stated: â€Å"Less is more.† 3. Apothegm (from Greek apophthegma, derived from apophthengesthai, â€Å"to speak out†) An instructive comment: â€Å"Cleanliness is next to godliness.† 4. Banality (from the French banal, â€Å"commonplace†) A trite comment: â€Å"You get what you pay for.† 5. Bromide (from the word for a compound, made in part from the element bromine, used as a sedative) A hackneyed statement: â€Å"We have to work together.† 6. Byword A proverb, or a frequently used word or phrase: â€Å"You can get more flies with honey than with vinegar.† 7. Chestnut (from the Greek kastanea, â€Å"chestnut†) A stale saying or story: â€Å"There’s no such thing as a free lunch.† 8. Clichà © (from the French word for â€Å"stereotype†) An overly familiar expression: â€Å"Keep the faith† (or an overdone theme, like moviedom’s manic pixie dream girl). 9. Commonplace (from the Latin locus communis, â€Å"widely applicable argument†) An obvious but often tiresome or unfortunate comment: â€Å"What goes around comes around† (or a trite phenomena, such as drivers sending text messages). 10. Epigram (from the Greek epigramma, derived from epigraphein, â€Å"to write on†) A concise and wise and/or clever saying: Time is money.† 11. Homily (from the Latin homilia, â€Å"conversation†) a catchphrase (or sermon) meant to inspire: â€Å"To err is human; to forgive divine.† 12. Maxim (from the Latin maxima, the superlative of magnus, â€Å"large†) A rule or principle: â€Å"A watched pot never boils.† 13. Moral (from the Latin moralis, â€Å"custom†) The lesson of an instructive story: â€Å"Be satisfied with what you have.† 14. Motto (from the Latin muttire, â€Å"mutter†) A statement of a principle: â€Å"Be prepared.† 15. Platitude (from the French plat, â€Å"dull†) A banal remark: â€Å"Blondes have more fun.† 16. Precept (from the Latin praeceptum, â€Å"something taken before†) A statement of a rule: â€Å"Thou shalt not kill.† 17. Principle (from the Latin principium, â€Å"beginning†) A law or rule of conduct: â€Å"It is better to give than to receive.† 18. Proverb (from the Latin proverbium, from pro-, â€Å"for† or â€Å"to,† and verbum, â€Å"word†) A direct synonym for adage, byword, epigram, and maxim. 19. Saw (from the Old English sagu, â€Å"discourse†) A maxim or proverb, often referred to with some condescension: â€Å"You’ve heard that old saw about how to get healthy, wealthy, and wise.† 20. Saying An adage: â€Å"Let sleeping dogs lie.† 21. Sententia (from the Latin word for â€Å"feeling, opinion†) A brief expression of a principle: â€Å"To thine own self be true.† 22. Shibboleth (from the Hebrew word for â€Å"stream,† described in the Bible as a word used, by its pronunciation, to distinguish speakers of one region for another) A widely held belief: â€Å"Time heals all wounds.† 23. Slogan (from Scottish Gaelic sluagh-ghairm, â€Å"war cry†) A statement of a position or goal: â€Å"Say what you mean, and mean what you say† (or an advertising statement: â€Å"We will not be undersold!†). 24. Trope (from Latin tropos, â€Å"turn,† â€Å"way,† â€Å"manner,† â€Å"style†) A common figure of speech: â€Å"Not that there’s anything wrong with that† (or a trite theme, as the climactic duel in a western movie). 25. Truism An obvious truth: â€Å"You can’t win them all.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Similes from Literature to Inspire You"Gratitude" or "Gratefulness"?How Do You Fare?

Discuss about the perils and promise of pluralism in America Essay

Discuss about the perils and promise of pluralism in America - Essay Example In such a plural state as America is, every individual have the right to choose â€Å"what part of the multiplicity he wants to have or to belong to† (Johansson and Lynoe, 2008, p.245). In such a circumstance the stability of society depends on a ‘power balance’ (Johansson and Lynoe, 2008, p.245). Although this pluralism tries to ensure the greatest good, it is not a totalitarian principle and it has certain negative effects for individual and for society at large. The first effect of pluralism is that it gives rise to deferent interest groups in the politics. As America is probably the largest democracy in the world, the pluralistic view poses the question of whether having various interest groups is good for creating a policy. One of the major challenges that have arisen in the wake of this century is ensuring the national security from terrorist attack. America’s democracy promotion policy in the Muslim countries has been resisted by the Muslim Americans. Even a lack of clear definition of democracy allowed the Muslim Americans to question the basic presumption of democracy. The Judeo Christian tradition of America made it possible to create a society based on the shared values of catholic, protestant and Jewish religion. It was possible because certain denominations of the values of these religions were supported by the American life style. The 1965 Immigration Act was pivotal in creating a congregating identity of Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists and Sikhs. With the widening of democracy, these culturally diverse groups have been able to lobby the administration and influence the social and cultural life of America. Within the diversity, there are cultural groups who feel marginalized and it is due to the tension between cultural groups who are struggling to monitor the values and institution for desired reformation (Machacek: 2003, p.1) Cultural pluralism in America tends to denigrate certain social groups in regards to language,

Living religion is not so much about where we finally arrive, but how Essay

Living religion is not so much about where we finally arrive, but how we move there - Essay Example The Native American Individuals had no plans of worshiping and reverenced when they were bemused by something in life. They continually changed their doctrines guiding their religion to match with the changing environment. Judaism is considered a way of people’s life. It is a living religion, since it is made up of the society, adoration and holidays. The Jewish religion thrived where there was the presence of a Jewish individual. The religious services were lively when the Jews assembled for the purposes of worship. The Judaism holidays enabled the Jews to stay connected through out the year seasons. Buddhism is an antique religious conviction practiced by the Egyptians and the Greeks. Buddhism is a living religious conviction as it is published in books and the internet. The teachings of the Buddha are applicable by the contemporary Buddhists in their daily activities in the society. Individuals still strive to apply the values of the ancient Buddha. Buddhism understands the suffering, which is part of human life contrary to other religions blaming suffering on other causes. Hinduism is the oldest creed in the universe. Its ideologies are based on the facts that everyone garners the fruits of his labor. It is based on the external truth as written in the scriptures. The religion lacks a common founder leading to conflicting ideologies spread by various groups. It is based on Gods’ involvement in the daily activity of an individual. There are several living teachers of Hinduism, hence, it is considered as a primeval living religion. It is a living religion as it evolves to match individual religious demands. Christianity has expanded to increase its number of followers. It treats all its followers as equal and is proof to the miracles, truths, peace and love in its doctrines. Christianity has never changed its religious inceptions or doctrines and is forever in a stable state of evolution. Islam is a living religion as

Theme of Hypocrisy in Conrad’s, Heart of Darkness, and Coppola’s, Apocalypse Now :: Literary Comparison, Analytical Essays

Both Conrad’s, â€Å"Heart of Darkness†, and Coppola’s, â€Å"Apocalypse Now†, profoundly illustrate the journey of man into their inner self and man’s encounters with their insanity, fears and demise. The novella and film are comprised of numerous pivotal themes that facilitate the understanding of the deeper meaning of both works. Fundamentally, theme is an extensive message or idea expressed by an author and is a crucial element of literature since it sheds light on universal concepts. The most striking parallels that can be formulated when comparing themes in both the novella and the film are associated with human nature. Specifically, Conrad and Coppola incorporate theme of hypocrisy in order to portray man’s incredible potential for evil. Firstly, the theme of hypocrisy is integrated in both works for the purpose of portraying man’s staggering and absurd potential for evil. In the novel, Heart of Darkness, the Europeans state that their objectives in Africa are to trade with the natives and immerse them with the light of civilization. However, their actions fail to reflect their stated motives since the Europeans take the ivory from the natives by force and they treat them inhumanely. Not to mention that the Europeans constantly refer to natives as objects such as machinery as well as suppress and eradicate them at any opportunity. Ultimately, the Europeans utilize their false words as a civilized veneer that masks their capability of being evil and savage. For instance, in Africa, Marlow states that he has familiarized himself â€Å"†¦with a flabby, pretending, weak-eyed devil of a rapacious and pitiless folly.† (pg. 81). Symbolically, the colonists are described as the devil mentioned above becau se they treat the natives with brutality even though their stated intentions are pure. Also, the colonists are foolish and tactless for they are unaware that their actions expose the evilness behind their actions. Similarly, in Coppola’s work, the United Sates affirms that they fight in the name of freedom and democracy, yet they commit senseless and violent killings. In reality, their ulterior motives were to promote capitalism and become a dominant military world power. Furthermore, the U.S. focuses on their attention on murdering their own operative instead of attempting to finish the war, which is of a higher priority when lives are at stake. Additionally, the U.S. troops are strangers in Vietnam, but they act as if posses the foreign land since they seize territory and commit murder without being incited.

How successfully does ‘Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’ use the conventions of the horror genre? Essay

Explain your answer, looking closely at details of the text, and comparing the novel with other horror stories you have read or seen. ‘Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’ is a short novel written by the famous author, Robert Louis Stevenson. Stevenson’s ambition from an early age was to be an writer, although his father had different ideas. In one of his most famous novels, ‘Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’, Stevenson captures the extremism of Dr. Jekyll’s split-personality; his desire to let his dark side run wild, achieved by drinking a magical potion that changes him into the animalistic, violent and somewhat evil Mr. Hyde. The word â€Å"horror† categorises everything typically frightening, in every sense. Horror conventions include anything from darkness, shadows and night-time to werewolves, knives and blood; from monsters, violence and death to screaming, animal howls and creaky doors. â€Å"Horror† is simply a term to summarise all things scary, and is used mostly to describe books and films. ‘Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’ can be seen as a horror novel, because of its shocking and horrific content. In this essay I will explore the ways and successes in which Stevenson presents the story of ‘Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’ using conventions of the horror genre, referring to details of the text and comparing the novel with other horror stories and videos. One of the important horror conventions used in ‘Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’ is the use of darkness and the atmosphere of the setting. It is necessary that the weather, amount of light and general atmosphere is dark, quiet and negative to create a tense, scary mood. In the horror genre, violent or evil actions traditionally occur at night, when there are less people around to help, it is much quieter than during the day, and because the darkness easily conceals any crimes that are committed. The first time that Enfield sees Hyde, he is returning home â€Å"about three o’clock of a black winter morning†. There is â€Å"literally nothing to be seen but lamps†, and â€Å"all is empty as a church†. This, even before Enfield has set eyes on Hyde, creates a tense atmosphere where it feels likely that something horrible will happen. The weather is dark (â€Å"black†), and it is winter, suggesting that it is very cold, and the general atmosphere is very un-welcoming. The fact that the area is â€Å"empty† adds to the horror, because this means that nobody will be around to help you when something evil appears out of the darkness. Another example is â€Å"the lamps, unshaken by any wind, drawing a regular pattern of light and shadow.† Shadows are seen as frightening, because of the way they creep around and you can never be sure who or what is making the shadows. The darkness and gloomy weather successfully creates a threatening, tense, and un-inviting atmosphere. This horror convention is similarly used in ‘The Tell-Tale Heart’, when the old man’s room is described as â€Å"as black as pitch with the thick darkness.† As the narrator is pondering the murder of the old man, the darkness is important as it will not only create a tense atmosphere, but it will also conceal the murder. This is similar to the way the streets are usually described as dark and dingy in ‘Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’. Another important horror convention used in ‘Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’ is the Pathetic Fallacy. Stevenson employs the Pathetic Fallacy to reflect the emotions of the characters, by making the weather match the appropriate mood. A weather description in Chapter Four is an example of this; â€Å"A great chocolate-coloured pall lowered over heaven, but the wind was continually charging and routing these embattled vapours.† At this time, Mr Utterson is showing a police officer to the house of Edward Hyde, who we are suspecting of the murder of Sir Danvers Carew. The intensity of this scene is reflected by the stormy weather, and the â€Å"mournful reinvasion of darkness.† Many of the chapters of ‘Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’ include descriptions of dark, dingy weather, and more often than not the streets of Soho are described as empty or silent. In Chapter Two, the by-street is described as â€Å"very solitary† and â€Å"very silent.† Silent, solitary areas create a threatening atmosphere, as it suggests that there is nobody else around to help you if you get into trouble. This contributes to the sense of horror, because there is an inevitable feeling of danger present in any dark, empty places. The setting of the laboratory is also contributes to the horror in ‘Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’. There are not many descriptions of the laboratory, although one says that the tables were â€Å"laden with chemical apparatus.† This idea creates a sense of mystery, because at the time we do not know what the chemicals are used for. This creates tension in the plot, and we don’t know what to expect, which contributes to the overall horror of the story. Laboratories are traditionally linked with other typical settings for horror stories including castles, graveyards, and big empty houses. A contrasting horror setting to that used in ‘Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’ is used in ‘The Darkness Out There’ by Penelope Lively. ‘The Darkness Out There’ features Packers End which has many deathly feelings and darkness to it, the three men who died horrid deaths in there, and the chills which Sandra gets from thinking about the place. When Pac kers End is talked about, night time is used which is a mighty contrast to the sunny images of fields and meadows that Packers End is described as during the day. Unlike ‘Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’, ‘The Darkness Out There’ has only one setting, which changes from a peaceful, sunny area to a dark, chilling one. The general theme of ‘Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’ is duality. This alone adds to the horror, as it builds up the tension and creates the twist in the story. Throughout the story, there are hints given that Henry Jekyll and Edward Hyde are in fact the same person; one of these includes a quote from Edward Hyde: â€Å"You will not find Dr. Jekyll; he is from home.† As suggested in the novel, Jekyll seems to be â€Å"pretty sure† of Hyde, meaning he knows him very well indeed. Another hint includes Mr Utterson’s reaction when he is presented with the stick that Hyde had used to kill Sir Danvers Carew. Utterson instantly recognises the stick â€Å"for one that he had himself presented many years before to Henry Jekyll.† These hints mostly go un-noticed or un-considered, but they add mystery to the plot throughout the whole story, which gives the story an increasing amount of tension. Dr. Jekyll’s door is used symbolically as a block between Jekyll and the rest of the world, which almost suggests that the world outside literally can not understand Henry Jekyll. The door is always closed, which creates an undefined suspicion of Jekyll. This creates horror in that we can not be certain what Jekyll is always doing hidden away in his laboratory, although we are almost certain it can’t be good. The idea of duality in this story is the division between a normal, respectable man, and his darker side. Henry Jekyll is supposedly an ordinary man; trustworthy as he is a doctor, with no abnormalities in his life. Then there is Edward Hyde: a hideous, evil murderer who lets his fantasies run wild and brings them to life. Henry Jekyll is simply a man who wishes to keep his good reputation, but who also feels the need to carry out his fantasies, which include his desire for prostitutes, and murder. These are things that are not seen as acceptable, and people who do these things are excluded from society and disliked by most people. This theme is a frightening one, as people tend to fear murderers and criminals. The horror created by this theme makes the story into a shocking reality. The popular theme of transformation used for werewolves and vampires is also used in ‘Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.’ Stevenson uses horrific descriptions to give the reader a good idea of how frightening and disgusting the transformation is to watch: â€Å"The rosy man had grown pale; his flesh had fallen away; he was visibly balder and older.† This is an unpleasant thing to imagine, and it is quite frightening. There are also descriptions of the facial expressions of Dr. Jekyll as the transformation is taking place: â€Å"Dr. Jekyll grew pale to the very lips, and there came a blackness about his eyes†, and â€Å"Dr. Jekyll, looking deadly sick.† Descriptions like this add to the horror, because they are meant to shock the reader and create a cold, unfriendly atmosphere. The descriptions make Dr. Jekyll seem more like an animal than a human. A similar transformation occurs in Michael Jackson’s ‘Thriller’ video. Michael is in the woods with his girlfriend, and a full moon comes out, which immediately triggers the transformation of Michael into a werewolf. It is horrific to watch. It starts off with him just twitching a bit, and falling to the floor, but then when he lifts his head his eyes have become wider and yellow like a cat, and his expression is fierce. He then develops fangs; his ears and hands become hairy like a werewolf, and claws come out from beneath his fingernails. These things are meant to scare the viewer, and Stevenson describes Jekyll’s transformation for the same purpose. Although transformations are more horrific to see visually, Stevenson’s detailed descriptions are successful in creating horror. The presentation of Mr. Hyde is completely negative. His looks are described as â€Å"extraordinary† and â€Å"particularly wicked.† He is also described as â€Å"pale and dwarfish† with a â€Å"murderous mixture of timidity and boldness.† These images are used to exclude Hyde from normal-looking people, to make him individual. He is also given animalistic descriptions such as â€Å"ape-like fury†, â€Å"a hissing intake of breath† and â€Å"snarled aloud into a savage laugh.† This makes Hyde seem in-human and frightening like a monster, which adds to the horror. The effect Hyde has on the other characters encourages the reader to turn against him, and see him as a frightening creature of a man. Mr. Enfield describes Edward Hyde: â€Å"something wrong with his appearance; something displeasing, something downright detestable. I never saw a man I so disliked†¦ He must be deformed somewhere.† This informs the reader that Mr. Hyde has a very evil expression, and does not appear to be normal. There are also descriptions of violence and hatred; â€Å"†¦ tales came out of the man’s cruelty, at once so callous and violent, of his vile life, of his strange associates, of the hatred that seemed to have surrounded his career; but of his present whereabouts not a whisper.† Horror is created in this quote because Hyde has been given many negative characteristics: cruelty, callous, violent, vile, and hatred, and there is a twist of mystery at the end which says that nobody knows of Hyde’s present whereabouts. Stevenson is clearly trying to make the reader also dislike Hyde, by creating an overall image of this animalistic, cruel, violent man with a lot of hatred. This successfully creates horror in the novel. In the same way, ‘The Blob’ by R. L. Stine describes a huge, overpowering man-made monster which terrorises innocent people and publicly crushes them to death. The Blob is described as â€Å"†¦ a gigantic landmass of blubber, standing so high that even the tallest of men would flee for their lives at the site of this extraordinary, yet silent, creation.† A final contribution to the horror in ‘Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’ is the savage acts of Hyde. Hyde’s murder of Sir Danvers Carew and the trampling of the little girl are described in horrific detail. The trampling of the little girl was described by Mr. Enfield: â€Å"†¦ the man trampled calmly over the child’s body and left her screaming on the ground.† The murder of Sir Danvers Carew was described like this: â€Å"†¦ he broke out in a great flame of anger, stamping with his foot, brandishing the can†¦ like a madman.† This is horrible, and Hyde is made to look like a â€Å"madman.† The horror continues to build up as we discover that Hyde must be simply insane, and he will do whatever he pleases, not caring what the world thinks of him. In conclusion, ‘Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’ is a very successful horror story. It uses many different horror conventions and has parts of the plot which successfully build up the tension throughout the whole story, such as the little clues that suggest Jekyll and Hyde are the same person, and the laboratory door. However, there are weaknesses in the plot; Mr. Hyde is small and not intimidating like other horror characters such as Frankenstein. Generally though, ‘The Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’ is a very successful horror novel, and would probably stand among the top 10 best horror stories of all time.